I-China iye yaba ligunya lehlabathi, kodwa kukho ingxoxo encinci malunga nokuba kwenzeke njani kwaye kuthetha ukuthini.Abaninzi bakholelwa ukuba i-China ithumela imodeli yayo yophuhliso kwaye ibeka kwamanye amazwe.Kodwa iinkampani zaseTshayina zandisa ubukho bazo ngokusebenzisana nabadlali bendawo kunye namaziko, ukulungelelanisa nokufunxa iifom zasekhaya nezemveli, izithethe kunye nezenzo.
Ndiyabulela kwiminyaka emininzi yenkxaso-mali evela kwi-Ford Carnegie Foundation, isebenza kwimimandla esixhenxe yehlabathi-i-Afrika, i-Asia Ephakathi, i-Latin America, uMbindi Mpuma kunye noMntla Afrika, i-Pacific, i-South Asia, kunye ne-Asia-mpuma ye-Asia.Ngokudityaniswa kophando kunye neentlanganiso zobuchule, le projekthi iphonononga ezi nguqu zintsonkothileyo, kubandakanya indlela iinkampani zaseTshayina eziziqhelanisa ngayo nemithetho yasekhaya yabasebenzi kwiLatin America, kunye nendlela iibhanki zaseTshayina kunye neemali eziphonononga ngayo imali yemveli yamaSilamsi kunye neemveliso zetyala kuMzantsi-mpuma Asia nakuMbindi Asia. .Abadlali baseMpuma, nabaseTshayina banceda abasebenzi basekuhlaleni baphucule izakhono zabo kuMbindi Asia.Ezi zicwangciso zokuziqhelanisa zaseTshayina, eziziqhelanisayo kunye nokusebenza kwizinto zokwenyani zendawo, azihoywa ngokukodwa ngabezopolitiko baseNtshona.
Ekugqibeleni, iprojekthi ijolise ekwandiseni kakhulu ukuqonda kunye neengxoxo zendima ye-China kwihlabathi kunye nokuvelisa iingcamango ezintsha zezopolitiko.Oku kunokuvumela abadlali bendawo ukuba basebenzise amandla angcono aseTshayina ukuxhasa uluntu kunye noqoqosho lwabo, babonelele ngezifundo zothethathethwano lwaseNtshona kwihlabathi liphela, ngakumbi kumazwe asaphuhlayo, ukunceda uluntu lwaseTshayina lwezopolitiko lufunde kwiiyantlukwano zokufunda kumava aseTshayina, kwaye kunokwenzeka ukunciphisa. ingxabano.
Iingxoxo zoshishino phakathi kwe-Benin ne-China zibonisa indlela omabini la macala anokuhamba ngayo kwi-dynamics yobudlelwane bezoshishino e-China nase-Afrika.E-Benin, amagosa aseTshayina kunye namagosa asekuhlaleni abandakanyeka kwiingxoxo ezinde malunga nesivumelwano sokuseka iziko lezorhwebo elijoliswe ekuqiniseni ubudlelwane bezoshishino phakathi kwamashishini aseTshayina naseBenin.Ngokucetywayo ibekwe eCotonou, isixeko esiphambili sezoqoqosho saseBenin, iziko lijolise ekukhuthazeni utyalo-mali kunye noshishino oluthe kratya, lusebenza njengeziko lobudlelwane boshishino lwaseTshayina nje kuphela eBenin, kodwa nakwingingqi yaseNtshona Afrika, ngakumbi kummandla omkhulu nokhulayo. kwimarike eselumelwaneni yaseNigeria.
Eli nqaku lisekelwe kuphando lwangaphambili kunye nomsebenzi owenziwe eBenin ukusuka kwi-2015 ukuya kwi-2021, kunye neidrafti kunye neekontraki zokugqibela ezixoxisanayo ngababhali, okuvumela ukuba kuhlalutyelwe ukuthelekisa okubhaliweyo okuthelekisayo, kunye nodliwano-ndlebe lwangaphambili kunye nokulandelwa.-phezulu.Udliwano-ndlebe nabaphambili bothethwano, oosomashishini baseBeninese kunye nabafundi baseBenine base China.Olu xwebhu lubonisa indlela abasemagunyeni baseTshayina naseBenin abaxoxisana ngayo ngokusekwa kweziko, ngokukodwa indlela abasemagunyeni baseBenin abaguqulela ngayo abaxoxisi baseTshayina kwiindawo zaseBenin zabasebenzi, ukwakhiwa kunye nemithetho yezomthetho kwaye babeka uxinzelelo kumaqabane abo aseTshayina.
Eli qhinga lathetha ukuba uthethathethwano luthathe ixesha elide kunesiqhelo.Intsebenziswano phakathi kweTshayina ne-Afrika idla ngokuphawulwa ngothethwano olukhawulezayo, indlela eye yabonakala iyingozi kwezinye iimeko njengoko inokukhokelela kwimiqathango engacacanga nengalunganga kwikhontrakthi yokugqibela.Uthethathethwano kwiZiko loShishino lwaseBenin China ngumzekelo omhle wendlela abaxoxisana abalungelelaniswe kakuhle ngayo bangathatha ixesha lokusebenza ngolungelelwaniso kunye namasebe ahlukeneyo karhulumente kwaye banokunceda ukufikelela kwiziphumo ezingcono ngokubhekiselele kwiziseko ezisemgangathweni ophezulu kunye nokuthotyelwa kwesakhiwo esele sikhona, abasebenzi, ukusingqongileyo. kunye nemigaqo yoshishino.kunye nokugcina ubudlelwane obuhle phakathi kwamazwe amabini kunye neTshayina.
Izifundo zobudlelwane borhwebo phakathi kwabadlali baseTshayina nabangengabo karhulumente, njengabathengisi, abarhwebi kunye nabarhwebi, bakholisa ukugxila kwindlela iinkampani zaseTshayina kunye nabafuduki abangenisa ngayo iimpahla kunye neempahla kwaye bakhuphisane namashishini asekhaya aseAfrika.Kodwa kukho “iqela elinxuseneyo” lobudlelwane bezoshishino phakathi kweSino-Afrika kuba, njengoko uGiles Mohan noBen Lambert besitsho, “oorhulumente abaninzi baseAfrika bayibona iTshayina njengeqabane elinokubakho kuphuhliso loqoqosho kunye nokuba semthethweni kolawulo.jonga i-China njengomthombo oluncedo wemithombo yobutyebi bomntu kunye nophuhliso lweshishini.”1 Ubukho bempahla yaseTshayina e-Afrika nabo buyanda, ngokuyinxenye kungenxa yokuba abarhwebi base-Afrika bathenga izinto e-China ezithengiswa kumazwe ase-Afrika.
Olu lwalamano lwezoshishino, ingakumbi kwilizwe laseNtshona Afrika iBenin, lufundisa gqitha.Phakathi kwiminyaka yoo-2000, abalawuli basekuhlaleni e-China naseBenin bathethathethana ngokusekwa kweziko loqoqosho nophuhliso (ekuhlaleni elaziwa njengeziko lezorhwebo) elijolise ekuphuhliseni ubudlelwane bezoqoqosho nezorhwebo phakathi kwala maqela mabini ngokubonelela ngoluhlu lweenkonzo zokuququzelela urhwebo, imisebenzi. .uphuhliso kunye nezinye iinkonzo ezinxulumeneyo.Eli Ziko likwafuna ukunceda ukusebenzelana ngokusesikweni phakathi kweBenin neTshayina, ubukhulu becala obungekho sikweni okanye obungekho sikweni.Ngokucetywayo ibekwe eCotonou, iziko eliphambili lezoqoqosho eBenin, kufutshane nezibuko eliphambili lesixeko, iziko lijolise ekukhonzeni amashishini aseTshayina eBenin nakuyo yonke iNtshona Afrika, ngakumbi kwimarike enkulu nekhulayo yamazwe angabamelwane.Ukukhuthaza ukukhula kotyalo-mali kunye noshishino lwehoseyile.eNigeria.
Le ngxelo ihlola indlela abasemagunyeni baseTshayina naseBenin abaxoxisana ngayo nemimiselo yokuvulwa kweZiko kwaye, ngokukodwa, indlela abasemagunyeni baseBenin abaguqulela ngayo abaxoxisi baseTshayina kumsebenzi wendawo, ukwakhiwa, imigangatho yomthetho kunye nemimiselo yaseBenin.Uthethathethwano lwaseTshayina lukholelwa ukuba uthethathethwano olude kunesiqhelo luvumela amagosa aseBenin ukuba anyanzelise imigaqo ngokufanelekileyo.Olu hlalutyo lujonga indlela iingxoxo ezinjalo zisebenza ngayo kwihlabathi langempela, apho ama-Afrika angenayo nje inkululeko eninzi yokuzikhethela, kodwa ayisebenzisela impembelelo ebalulekileyo, nangona i-asymmetry kubudlelwane neChina.
Iinkokeli zoshishino zase-Afrika zidlala indima ephambili ekugxininiseni nasekuphuhliseni ubudlelwane bezoqoqosho phakathi kweBenin neChina, ukuqinisekisa ukuba iinkampani zaseTshayina ayizizo zodwa ezixhamlayo ngokubandakanyeka kwazo kwilizwekazi.Imeko yeli ziko loshishino inika izifundo ezibalulekileyo kubathethi-thethwano baseAfrika ababandakanyekayo kuthethathethwano lwezivumelwano zorhwebo kunye neziseko ezingundoqo ezinxulumeneyo neTshayina.
Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ukuhamba kwezorhwebo notyalo-mali phakathi kwe-Afrika ne-China kuye kwanda kakhulu.Ukusukela ngowama-2009, i-China ibe lelona qabane likhulu kwezorhwebo le-Afrika.3 NgokweNgxelo yoTyalo-mali yeHlabathi yamva nje yeNkomfa yeZizwe eziManyeneyo (i-UN) yoRhwebo noPhuhliso, i-China yindawo yesine enkulu yotyalo-mali e-Afrika (ngokwe-FDI) emva kwe-Netherlands, i-UK ne-France ngo-20194. I-35 yeebhiliyoni zeedola ngo-2019. ukuya kwi-44 yeebhiliyoni zeedola ngo-2019. 5
Nangona kunjalo, oku kunyuka kurhwebo olusemthethweni kunye nokuqukuqela kotyalo-mali akubonisi ncam isikali, amandla kunye nesantya sokwandisa ubudlelwane boqoqosho phakathi kweTshayina ne-Afrika.Oku kungenxa yokuba oorhulumente kunye namashishini karhulumente (SOEs), ahlala efumana ingqwalaselo engalinganiyo yeendaba, ayingobadlali kuphela abaqhuba le mikhwa.Ngapha koko, ukwanda kwabadlali abantsonkothileyo kubudlelwane boshishino baseSino-Afrika kubandakanya inani elikhulu labadlali babucala baseTshayina nabaseAfrika, ngakumbi ii-SME.Basebenza kuqoqosho olucwangcisiweyo olucwangcisiweyo kunye neendawo ezingacwangciswanga okanye ezingekho sikweni.Inxalenye yenjongo yokuseka amaziko oshishino karhulumente kukuququzelela nokulawula obu budlelwane boshishino.
Njengamanye amazwe amaninzi aseAfrika, uqoqosho lwaseBenin luphawulwa licandelo elomeleleyo elingekho sikweni.Ukususela ngo-2014, phantse abasebenzi abasibhozo kwabalishumi abakummandla we-Afrika osemazantsi eSahara “babekwimisebenzi esesichengeni,” ngokutsho kweInternational Labor Organization.6 Nangona kunjalo, ngokophononongo lwe-International Monetary Fund (IMF), umsebenzi woqoqosho olungekho sikweni uthande ukuyinciphisa kakhulu irhafu kumazwe asaphuhlayo, adinga isiseko serhafu esizinzileyo.Oku kuphakamisa ukuba oorhulumente bala mazwe banomdla wokulinganisa ubungakanani bomsebenzi wezoqoqosho ongekho sikweni ngokuchanekileyo ngakumbi nokufunda indlela yokuhambisa imveliso isuke kwelingekho sikweni ukuya kwicandelo elisesikweni.7 Ukuqukumbela, abathabathi-nxaxheba kuqoqosho olusesikweni nolungekho sikweni babenza nzulu ubudlelwane bezoshishino phakathi kwe-Afrika ne-China.Ukubandakanya nje indima karhulumente akuchazi olu thotho lwezenzo.
Umzekelo, ukongeza kumashishini amakhulu karhulumente aseTshayina asebenza e-Afrika kwiindawo ezisusela kulwakhiwo kunye namandla ukuya kwezolimo neoyile negesi, kukho abanye abadlali abaphambili abaliqela.Ii-SOE zephondo zase-China nazo zingunobangela, nangona zingenawo amalungelo kunye nomdla ofanayo nee-SOE ezinkulu eziphantsi kolawulo lwamagunya aphambili eBeijing, ngakumbi iKomishoni yeBhunga leSizwe loLawulo kunye noLawulo lweeMpahla zikaRhulumente.Nangona kunjalo, aba badlali bephondo baya besanda befumana isabelo semarike kumashishini abalulekileyo aliqela ase-Afrika afana nemigodi, amayeza, i-oyile kunye nonxibelelwano oluphathwayo.8 Kwezi mizi-mveliso zephondo, ukwenziwa kwamazwe ngamazwe ibiyindlela yokuphepha ukukhula kokhuphiswano olusuka kwii-SOE ezinkulu kurhwebo lwangaphakathi lwaseTshayina, kodwa ukungena kwiimarike ezintsha zaphesheya kukwayindlela yokukhulisa ishishini labo.La mashishini aphantsi kolawulo lukarhulumente ahlala esebenza ngokuzimeleyo, ngaphandle kwesicwangciso esisembindini esigunyaziswe yiBeijing.9
Kukho nabanye abadlali ababalulekileyo.Ukongeza kumashishini karhulumente waseTshayina kwinqanaba eliphakathi nakwiphondo, uthungelwano olukhulu lwamashishini abucala aseTshayina nawo asebenza e-Afrika ngothungelwano olungekho sikweni okanye olungekho sikweni.ENtshona Afrika, ezininzi zidalwe kuwo wonke ummandla, kunye namanye amaninzi kumazwe anjengeGhana, iMali, iNigeria neSenegal.10 Ezi nkampani zabucala zaseTshayina zidlala indima ekhulayo kubudlelwane borhwebo phakathi kweTshayina neAfrika.Kungakhathaliseki ubungakanani beenkampani ezibandakanyekayo, uhlalutyo oluninzi kunye nezimvo zidla ngokugqamisa indima yaba badlali baseTshayina, kubandakanywa neenkampani zabucala.Nangona kunjalo, icandelo labucala lase-Afrika nalo lisenza nzulu uthungelwano lobudlelwane borhwebo phakathi kwamazwe abo neTshayina.
Impahla yaseTshayina, ngakumbi iimpahla ezilukiweyo, ifenitshala kunye nempahla yabathengi, zikho kuyo yonke indawo kwiimarike zasezidolophini zaseAfrika nasezilalini.Ukusukela oko i-China iye yaba lelona qabane likhulu kwezorhwebo lase-Afrika, isabelo sentengiso sezi mveliso ngoku sithe sagqitha kancinane eso seemveliso ezifanayo kumazwe aseNtshona.Shumi elinanye
Iinkokeli zoshishino zaseAfrika zenza igalelo elibalulekileyo ekusasazeni iimpahla zaseTshayina eAfrika.Njengabathumeli kumazwe angaphandle kunye nabasasazi kuwo onke amanqanaba ekhonkco lonikezelo olufanelekileyo, babonelela ngezi mveliso zabathengi abavela kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo yelizwe laseTshayina kunye neHong Kong, emva koko ngeCotonou (Benin), eLomé (eTogo), eDakar (eSenegal) naseAccra (e-Accra). iGhana), njl. 12 Badlala indima engundoqo kuthungelwano olukhulayo lwezorhwebo phakathi kweTshayina neAfrika.
Esi siganeko sinxulumene ngokwembali.Ngeminyaka yoo-1960 kunye noo-1970, amanye amazwe asemva kwenkululeko yaseNtshona Afrika aseka ubudlelwane bozakuzo kunye neRiphabhliki yaseTshayina ekhokelwa nguQela lamaKomanisi, kwaye iimpahla zamaTshayina zagaleleka kweli lizwe njengoko inkqubo yentsebenziswano yophuhliso lwaseBeijing phesheya yayiqala ukumila.Ezi mpahla kudala zithengiswa kwiimarike zengingqi kwaye imali efunyenweyo iphinda isetyenziswe kwiiprojekthi zophuhliso lwasekhaya.13
Kodwa ngaphandle kwamashishini ase-Afrika, abanye abadlali base-Afrika abangengawo urhulumente nabo babandakanyeka kule ntengiselwano yezoqoqosho, ngakumbi abafundi.Ukusukela ngeminyaka yoo-1970 noo-1980, xa ubudlelwane bezozakuzo baseTshayina noorhulumente bamazwe aliqela aseNtshona Afrika bakhokelela ekuboneleleni ngenkxaso-mali yokufunda kubafundi baseAfrika ukuba baye kufunda eTshayina, abanye abantu baseAfrika abaphumelele kwezi nkqubo baye baseka amashishini amancinane athumela iimpahla zaseTshayina kumazwe abo. ukuze kubuyekezwe ukunyuka kwamaxabiso engingqi..Shumi elinane
Kodwa ukwandiswa kokungeniswa kwempahla yaseTshayina kuqoqosho lwaseAfrika kube nefuthe elinamandla ngakumbi kwiAfrika ethetha isiFrentshi.Ngokuyinxenye oku kungenxa yokuguquguquka kwexabiso lenguqulelo yaseNtshona Afrika yefranc yeCFA (ekwabizwa ngokuba yiCFA franc), imali eqhelekileyo yengingqi eyayikade ibotshelelwe kwifranc yaseFransi (ngoku exhomekeke kwiyuro).1994 Emva kokuthotywa kwe-franc yoLuntu ngesiqingatha, amaxabiso empahla yaseYurophu ethengiswe kumazwe angaphandle ngenxa yokuhla kwexabiso lemali aphindwe kabini, kwaye iimpahla zabathengi baseTshayina zaba nokhuphiswano ngakumbi.Osomashishini abali-15 baseTshayina naba-Afrika, kubandakanywa iinkampani ezintsha, baxhamle kulo mkhwa ngeli xesha, beqinisa ngakumbi ubudlelwane borhwebo phakathi kweTshayina neNtshona Afrika.Olu phuhliso lukwanceda amakhaya aseAfrika abonelele abathengi baseAfrika uluhlu olubanzi lweemveliso ezenziwe eTshayina.Ekugqibeleni, lo mkhwa ukhawulezise izinga lokusetyenziswa eNtshona Afrika namhlanje.
Uhlalutyo lobudlelwane boshishino phakathi kweChina kunye neqela lamazwe aseNtshona Afrika lubonisa ukuba oosomashishini baseAfrika bafuna imarike yempahla evela eChina, kuba bezazi kakuhle iimarike zabo.U-Mohan noLampert baqaphela ukuba "oosomashishini baseGhana naseNigeria badlala indima ethe ngqo ekukhuthazeni ubukho baseTshayina ngokuthenga izinto ezithengwayo, kunye namahlakani, abasebenzi, kunye neempahla ezinkulu ezivela eTshayina."kumazwe omabini.Elinye iqhinga lokonga iindleko kukuqesha amagcisa aseTshayina ukuba ajonge ukufakwa kwezixhobo kunye nokuqeqesha amagcisa asekuhlaleni ukuba asebenze, agcine kwaye alungise oomatshini abanjalo.Njengoko umphandi uMario Esteban ephawulile, abanye abadlali base-Afrika "bafuna abasebenzi baseTshayina ... ukunyusa imveliso kunye nokubonelela ngeempahla kunye neenkonzo ezikumgangatho ophezulu."17
Ngokomzekelo, oosomashishini baseNigeria neenkokeli zoshishino baye bavula indawo yokuthengisa iChinatown kwisixeko esilikomkhulu saseLagos ukuze abantu baseTshayina babone iNigeria njengendawo yoshishino.Ngokutsho kukaMohan noLampert, injongo yeli shishini “kukusebenzisana noosomashishini baseTshayina ukuba baqhubele phambili bavula imizi-mveliso eLagos, ngaloo ndlela bedala imisebenzi nokuxhasa uphuhliso loqoqosho.”Inkqubela phambili.Amanye amazwe aseNtshona Afrika kuquka neBenin.
IBenin, ilizwe elithetha isiFrentshi elinabantu abazizigidi ezili-12.1, ingumzekelo omhle woku kusondela kwezorhwebo phakathi kweTshayina neNtshona Afrika.Ilizwe (elalifudula liyi-Dahomey) lafumana inkululeko kwi-France ngo-1960 kwaye emva koko lazamazama phakathi kokwamkelwa kozakuzo kwe-People's Republic of China kunye neRiphabhlikhi yase-China (Taiwan) kwade kwasekuqaleni koo-1970.I-Benin yaba yiRiphabhlikhi yaBantu baseTshayina ngo-1972 phantsi koMongameli uMathieu Kerek, owaseka ulawulo lobuzwilakhe oluneempawu zobukomanisi kunye nezobusoshiyali.Wazama ukufunda kumava aseTshayina aze axelise izinto zaseTshayina ekhaya.
Obu budlelwane butsha belungelo kunye neTshayina kwavula imakethi yaseBenin kwiimpahla zaseTshayina ezifana neebhayisekile zasePhoenix kunye nempahla yangaphandle.Oosomashishini abangama-20 baseTshayina baseka i-Textile Industry Association ngo-1985 kwisixeko saseBenin saseLokosa kwaye bazibandakanya nenkampani.Abarhwebi baseBenin nabo baya eChina ukuya kuthenga ezinye izinto, kuquka amathoyizi kunye nezixhobo zomlilo, baze bazibuyisele eBenin.21 Ngo-2000, phantsi kweKreku, iChina yathatha indawo yeFransi njengelona qabane likhulu lezorhwebo laseBenin.Ubudlelwane phakathi kwe-Benin ne-China baphucuka kakhulu ngo-2004 xa i-China yathatha indawo ye-EU, iqinisa ubunkokeli be-China njengelona qabane likhulu lelizwe lezorhwebo (jonga iTshati yoku-1).amashumi anambini
Ukongeza kubudlelwane obusondeleyo bezopolitiko, ukuqwalaselwa kwezoqoqosho kukwanceda ukucacisa ezi ndlela zokurhweba zandisiweyo.Iindleko eziphantsi zeempahla zaseTshayina zenza iimpahla ezenziwe e-China zibe nomtsalane kubathengisi baseBeninese nangona iindleko eziphezulu zokuthengiselana, kubandakanywa ukuthunyelwa kunye neerhafu.I-23 yaseChina inikezela abathengisi baseBeninese uluhlu olubanzi lweemveliso kuluhlu lwamaxabiso ahlukeneyo kwaye ibonelela ngokusebenza kwe-visa ngokukhawuleza kubathengisi baseBeninese, ngokungafaniyo neYurophu apho ii-visa zoshishino kwindawo ye-Schengen zilungele ngakumbi kubathengisi baseBeninese (kunye nabanye baseAfrika) Kunzima ukuyifumana.24 Ngenxa yoko, iChina iye yaba ngumboneleli othandwayo kwiinkampani ezininzi zaseBeninese.Enyanisweni, ngokutsho kodliwano-ndlebe noosomashishini baseBenin nabafundi ababesakuba ngabafundi eTshayina, ukukhululeka okulinganiselweyo kokushishina neTshayina kuye kwafak’ isandla ekwandiseni icandelo labucala eBenin, nto leyo eye yazisa abantu abangakumbi kwezoqoqosho.25
Abafundi baseBenin nabo bathatha inxaxheba, besebenzisa ithuba lokufumana ngokulula ii-visa zabafundi, ukufunda isiTshayina, kunye nokusebenza njengeetoliki phakathi kosomashishini baseBenin kunye namaTshayina (kubandakanywa neenkampani zempahla) phakathi kweChina kunye nokubuya kweBenin.Ubukho babaguquleli basekuhlaleni baseBenine buncede ngokuyinxenye ukususa imiqobo yolwimi edla ngokubakho phakathi kwamaqabane oshishino aseTshayina namazwe angaphandle, kuquka naseAfrika.Abafundi baseBenine basebenze njengekhonkco phakathi kwamashishini aseAfrika kunye namaShayina ukususela ekuqaleni kweminyaka yee-1980, xa abantu baseBenine, ngakumbi abakumgangatho ophakathi, baqala ukufumana imali yokufunda eChina ngomlinganiselo omkhulu.26
Abafundi bayakwazi ukuthatha iindima ezinjalo, ngenxa yokuba i-Embassy yaseBenin eBeijing, ngokungafani ne-Embassy yaseTshayina eBenin, ininzi yenziwe ngabathunywa bezobuchwephesha kunye neengcali zobuchwepheshe ezijongene nezopolitiko kwaye zibandakanyeka kakhulu kubudlelwane borhwebo.27 Ngenxa yoko, abafundi abaninzi baseBenine baqeshwa ngamashishini asekuhlaleni ukuze babonelele ngokungekho sikweni iinkonzo zokuguqulela nezoshishino eBenin, ezinjengokuchonga nokuvavanya imizi-mveliso yamaTshayina, ukuququzelela utyelelo lwendawo, kunye nokwenza inkuthalo efanelekileyo kwizinto ezithengwe eTshayina.Abafundi baseBenin babonelela ngezi nkonzo kwizixeko ezininzi zaseTshayina eziquka iFoshan, iGuangzhou, iShantou, iShenzhen, iWenzhou, iXiamen neYiwu, apho inqwaba yoosomashishini baseAfrika ikhangela yonke into ukususela kwizithuthuthu, izinto zombane nezinto zokwakha ukuya kwiilekese nezinto zokudlala.Ababoneleli beempahla ezahlukeneyo.Olu ngxininiso lwabafundi baseBenine luye lwakha iibhulorho phakathi koosomashishini baseTshayina kunye nabanye oosomashishini abavela eNtshona naseMbindi Afrika, kuquka iCôte d'Ivoire, iDemocratic Republic of the Congo, iNigeria kunye neTogo, ngokutsho kwabafundi bangaphambili abadliwano-ndlebe ngokwahlukileyo kwesi sifundo.
Kwiminyaka yoo-1980 kunye no-1990, ubudlelwane borhwebo kunye norhwebo phakathi kwe-China ne-Benin ubukhulu becala baququzelelwa ngeendlela ezimbini ezifanayo: ubudlelwane obusemthethweni kunye nobudlelwane obusemthethweni kunye nobudlelwane obungekho sikweni kwishishini okanye ishishini kunye nomthengi.Abaphenduli beBhunga leSizwe labaQeshi baseBenin (i-Conseil National du Patronat Beninois) bathi iinkampani zaseBenin ezingabhaliswanga neBenin Chamber of Commerce and Industry ziye zazuza kakhulu ekukhuleni kobudlelwane kunye neChina ngokuthengwa ngokuthe ngqo kwezinto zokwakha kunye nezinye iimpahla.29 Obu budlelwane buqalayo phakathi kwecandelo leshishini laseBenin kunye nokusekwa kwabadlali baseTshayina buye baphuhliswa ngakumbi ukususela oko i-China yaqala ukuxhasa ngezimali iiprojekthi zeziseko ezingundoqo zoorhulumente kwikomkhulu lezoqoqosho laseBenin, iCotonou.Ukuthandwa kwezi projekthi zokwakha ezinkulu (izakhiwo zikaRhulumente, amaziko eendibano, njl.) iye yandisa umdla weenkampani zaseBeninese ekuthengeni izinto zokwakha kubathengisi baseTshayina.Amashumi amathathu
Ngasekupheleni koo-1990 nasekuqaleni koo-2000 eNtshona Afrika, olu rhwebo lungekho sikweni nolungekho sikweni lwaye lwancediswa kukusekwa okukhulayo kwamaziko orhwebo aseTshayina, kuquka naseBenin.Amaziko orhwebo aqalwa ngabarhwebi basekuhlaleni nawo athe avela kwizixeko ezingamakomkhulu zamanye amazwe aseNtshona Afrika njengeNigeria.Ezi hubs ziye zanceda amakhaya aseAfrika kunye namashishini ukwandisa amandla abo okuthenga iimpahla zaseTshayina ngobuninzi kwaye zenze ukuba oorhulumente abathile base-Afrika balungelelanise kakuhle kwaye balawule obu budlelwane bezorhwebo, obahlulwe ngokusemthethweni kuqoqosho olusemthethweni kunye nobudlelwane bezozakuzo.
IBenin ikwanjalo.Ukwadale amaziko amatsha ukuze aququzelele ngcono kwaye alawule ubudlelwane boshishino kunye neTshayina.Owona mzekelo ubalaseleyo yiCentre Chinois de Développement Economique et Commercial au Benin, esekwe kwi-2008 kwisithili seshishini esikhulu saseGancy, eCotonou, kufutshane nechweba.Eli ziko, elaziwa ngokuba liZiko loShishino laseChina laseBenin, lasekwa njengenxalenye yobudlelwane obusesikweni phakathi kwala mazwe mabini.
Nangona ulwakhiwo lungazange lugqitywe de kwangowama-2008, kwiminyaka elishumi eyadlulayo, ebudeni bobongameli bukaKrekou, kwasayinwa isivumelwano sokuqala sokusebenzisana eBeijing ngoJanuwari 1998, sikhankanya injongo yokuseka iziko loshishino lwaseTshayina eBenin.31 Injongo ephambili yeZiko kukukhuthaza intsebenziswano yezoqoqosho nezoshishino phakathi kwamaqumrhu aseTshayina naseBenin.Iziko lakhiwe kumhlaba we-9700 square metres kwaye ligubungela indawo ye-4000 square metres.Iindleko zokwakha ezizizigidi ezisisi-6.3 zeedola zaseMelika zahlawulwa yinkxaso-mali edityanisiweyo elungiselelwe ngurhulumente waseTshayina kunye neQela lePhondo laMazwe ngaMazwe eNingbo, eZhejiang.Lilonke, i-60% yenkxaso-mali ivela kwizibonelelo, kunye ne-40% eseleyo ixhaswa ngemali ngamaqela amazwe ngamazwe.32 Eli Ziko lasekwa phantsi kwesivumelwano se-Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) esiquka isivumelwano sengqesho seminyaka engama-50 esivela kuRhulumente waseBenin esibanjwe yi-Teams International, emva koko iziseko zophuhliso ziya kugqithiselwa kulawulo lwaseBenin.33
Ekuqaleni ecetywayo ngummeli we-Embassy yaseTshayina eBenin, le projekthi yayijoliswe ukuba ibe yindawo egxininiswe kumashishini aseBenin anomdla wokwenza ishishini neChina.34 Ngokutsho kwabo, iziko loshishino liya kubonelela abameli beenkampani zaseBeninese kunye neTshayina ngeqonga eliphakathi lokwandisa urhwebo, olunokuthi ekugqibeleni lukhokelele kumashishini angekho sikweni abhaliswe ngokusemthethweni kunye neBeninese Chamber of Commerce and Industry.Kodwa ngaphandle kokuba liziko leshishini elinesitophu esinye, iziko loshishino likwasebenza njengendawo edibanisa imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo yorhwebo kunye nophuhliso loshishino.Ijolise ekukhuthazeni utyalo-mali, ukungenisa elizweni, ukuthumela ngaphandle, ukuthutha kunye nemisebenzi ye-franchise, ukuququzelela imiboniso kunye nemiboniso yoshishino lwamazwe ngamazwe, iindawo zokugcina iimpahla zemveliso yaseTshayina, kunye nokucebisa iinkampani zaseTshayina ezinomdla wokubhida kwiiprojekthi zeziseko zedolophu, amashishini ezolimo kunye neeprojekthi ezinxulumene nenkonzo.
Kodwa ngelixa umdlali waseTshayina enokuthi eze neziko lezorhwebo, ayisosiphelo sebali eso.Uthethathethwano lwathatha ixesha elide kunokuba bekulindelwe njengoko umlingisi waseBeninese ebeka izinto ezilindelweyo, wenza iimfuno zakhe kwaye watyhala izivumelwano ezinzima ekufuneka abadlali baseTshayina bazilungelelanise nazo.Uhambo lwentsimi, udliwano-ndlebe kunye namaxwebhu abalulekileyo angaphakathi abeka isiteji sokuxoxisana kunye nendlela abaphathi baseBenin abanokwenza ngayo njenge-proxies kwaye bacenge abadlali baseTshayina ukuba bavumelane nemimiselo yendawo kunye nemithetho yezorhwebo, kunikwe ubudlelwane belizwe kunye neChina enamandla.35
Intsebenziswano yamaSino-Afrika idla ngokubonakala ngothethwano olukhawulezayo, ukuqukunjelwa kunye nokuphunyezwa kwezivumelwano.Abagxeki bathi le nkqubo ikhawulezayo ibangele ukuhla komgangatho weziseko.36 Ngokuchaseneyo, uthethathethwano lwaseBenin lweZiko loShishino laseChina eCotonou lubonise ukuba iqela elilungelelaniswe kakuhle labaphathiswa eliphuma kumacandelo ohlukeneyo labaphathiswa lingafikelela njani.Oku kuyinyaniso ngakumbi xa betyhala iintetho ngokugxininisa ukuba kuthotywe isantya.Qhagamshelana nabameli bamasebe ahlukeneyo karhulumente, unikeze izisombululo zokudala izakhiwo ezikumgangatho ophezulu kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa kwesakhiwo sasekhaya, abasebenzi, imigangatho yendalo kunye nezoshishino kunye neekhowudi.
NgoAprili 2000, ummeli waseTshayina ovela eNingbo wafika eBenin waza waseka iofisi yeprojekthi yokwakha.Amaqela aqalise uthethathethwano lokuqala.Icala laseBenin libandakanya abameli abavela kwi-Bureau yoKwakha yeSebe lezoBume beNdawo, iZindlu kunye noCwangciso lweDolophu (abachongiweyo ukuba bakhokele iqela likarhulumente waseBenin lokucwangcisa idolophu), iSebe leMicimbi yezaNgaphandle, iSebe lezoCwangciso noPhuhliso, iSebe lezoShishino kunye URhwebo kunye neSebe lezoQoqosho nezeMali.Abathathi-nxaxheba kwiingxoxo kunye ne-China baquka i-Ambassador yase-China e-Benin, umlawuli we-Bureau ye-Ningbo ye-Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation Bureau, kunye nabameli beqela lamazwe ngamazwe.37 NgoMatshi 2002, elinye igqiza laseNingbo lafika eBenin laza latyikitya imemorandam kunye neSebe lezoShishino laseBenin.Ishishini: Uxwebhu lubonisa indawo eziko leshishini elizayo.38 Ngo-Epreli ka-2004, uMphathiswa wezoRhwebo noShishino waseBenin watyelela i-Ningbo waza watyikitya isivumelwano sokusebenzisana, eqalisa umjikelo olandelayo wothethwano olusesikweni.39
Emva kokuba uthethwano olusemthethweni lweziko loshishino luqalile, abathethi-thethwano baseTshayina bangenise isivumelwano seBOT esiyidrafti kurhulumente waseBenin ngoFebruwari 2006.Uhlalutyo lokubhaliweyo kolu yilo lokuqala (ngesiFrentshi) lubonisa ukuba indawo yokuqala yabathetha-thethwano baseTshayina (eyathi icala laseBenine lazama ukuyitshintsha emva koko) liqulathe amalungiselelo ekhontrakthi angacacanga malunga nokwakhiwa, ukusebenza kunye nokudluliselwa kweziko leshishini laseTshayina, ngokunjalo izibonelelo malunga nempatho ekhethekileyo kunye nezindululo zerhafu ezicetywayo.41
Kuyafaneleka ukuqaphela amanqaku ambalwa anxulumene nesigaba sokwakha kwiprojekthi yokuqala.Abanye baya kucela iBenin ukuba ithwale "iifizi" ezithile ngaphandle kokuchaza ukuba zingakanani ezo ndleko.I-42 Icala laseShayina laphinda lacela "ukulungiswa" kwimivuzo yabasebenzi baseBeninese nabaseTshayina kwiprojekthi, kodwa ayizange ichaze inani lohlengahlengiso. izifundo ziqhutywa kuphela kwicala lamaTshayina, kuqatshelwa ukuba abameli bamaziko oPhando (amaziko ophando) baqhuba izifundo ezinempembelelo.44 Amagama angacacanga ekhontrakthi nawo akanalo ishedyuli yesigaba sokwakha.Ngokomzekelo, umhlathi omnye uthe ngokubanzi ukuba "i-China iya kunika ingxelo ngokusekelwe kwiziphumo zezifundo zobugcisa", kodwa ayizange ichaze ukuba oku kuya kwenzeka nini.45 Ngokufanayo, amanqaku ayilwayo awakhankanyi imigaqo yokhuseleko yabasebenzi basekhaya eBenin.
Kwicandelo eliyidrafti kwimisebenzi yeziko, phakathi kwemimiselo ecetywayo yecala laseTshayina, kukho izibonelelo eziqhelekileyo kunye nezingacacanga.Abaxoxisi baseTshayina bafuna ukuba abaqhubi bezoshishino baseTshayina abasebenza kwiziko loshishino bavunyelwe ukuba bathengise iimpahla ezithengiswayo kunye neentengiso kungekhona nje kwiziko ngokwalo, kodwa nakwiimarike zendawo zaseBenin.46 Le mfuno ichasene neenjongo zokuqala zeZiko.Amashishini abonelela ngezinto ezithengiswayo ezinokuthi amashishini aseBenine azithenge eTshayina kwaye athengise ngokubanzi njengezinto ezithengiswayo eBenin nakuyo yonke iNtshona Afrika.47 Ngaphantsi kwale migaqo indululwayo, iziko liyakuvumela amaqela aseTshayina ukuba abonelele "ezinye iinkonzo zorhwebo," ngaphandle kokuchaza ukuba zeziphi.48
Eminye imimiselo yoyilo lokuqala nayo yayingamacala omabini.Idrafti iphakamisa, ngaphandle kokuchaza intsingiselo yelungiselelo, ukuba abachaphazelekayo eBenin abavumelekanga ukuba bathathe "nasiphi na isenzo socalucalulo malunga neZiko", kodwa izibonelelo zalo zibonakala zivumela ukuqonda okukhulu, oko kukuthi "ubukhulu obunokwenzeka".Zama ukunika imisebenzi kubahlali basekuhlaleni eBenin, kodwa awuzange unike iinkcukacha ngendlela kanye okuza kwenziwa ngayo.49
AmaQela eeKhontrakthi aseTshayina nawo enze iimfuno ezithile zokuxolelwa.Umhlathi ufuna ukuba “iQela laseBenin aliyi kuvumela naliphi na elinye iqela lezopolitiko laseTshayina okanye ilizwe kwingingqi (eNtshona Afrika) ukuba liseke iziko elifanayo kwisixeko saseCotonou iminyaka engama-30 ukususela kumhla iziko elaqaliswa ngalo ukusebenza.“Ama-50 aqulathe amagama athandabuzekayo aqaqambisa indlela oothethwano baseTshayina abazama ngayo ukucinezela ukhuphiswano lwabanye abadlali bangaphandle nabaseTshayina.Izinto ezinjalo ezingaqhelekanga zibonisa indlela iinkampani zephondo laseTshayina ezizama ngayo ukukhuphisana nezinye iinkampani, kuquka nezinye iinkampani zaseTshayina51, ngokufumana ilungelo elikhethekileyo, ubukho boshishino olulodwa.
Njengemiqathango yolwakhiwo kunye nokusebenza kweZiko, imiqathango enxulumene nokudluliselwa okunokwenzeka kweprojekthi kulawulo lwaseBenin ifuna ukuba iBenin ithwale zonke iindleko ezinxulumeneyo kunye neendleko, kubandakanywa iimali zamagqwetha kunye nezinye iindleko.52
Ikhontrakthi eyidrafti ikwabandakanya amagatya amaninzi acetywe yi-China malunga nezindululo zonyango olukhethekileyo.Ilungiselelo elinye, umzekelo, lazama ukukhusela umhlaba ngaphandle kweCotonou, ebizwa ngokuba yiGboje, ukwakha iindawo zokugcina iinkampani zaseTshayina ezinxulumene nodederhu lweevenkile ukugcina uluhlu lwempahla.53 Abathethi-thethwano baseTshayina bafuna ukuba abaqhubi baseTshayina bamkelwe.54 Ukuba abathethi-thethwano baseBenin bayalamkela eli gatya baze batshintshe iingqondo zabo, iBenin iya kunyanzeleka ukuba ibuyekeze amaTshayina ngelahleko.
Phakathi kweentlawulo kunye nezibonelelo ezinikezelwayo, abaxoxisi baseTshayina bafuna imimiselo ephantsi kunaleyo evunyelwe ngumthetho wesizwe waseBenin, befuna iimvumelwano zezithuthi, uqeqesho, izitywina zokubhalisa, iimali zolawulo kunye neenkonzo zobugcisa, kunye nomvuzo waseBenin.Abasebenzi baseTshayina kunye nabaqhubi beziko loshishino.55 Abaxoxisi baseTshayina bakwafuna ukuba kukhululwe irhafu kwiingeniso zeenkampani zamaTshayina ezisebenza kweli ziko, ukuya kuthi ga kwisilingi engachazwanga, izinto zokugcinwa nokulungiswa kweli ziko, kunye namaphulo opapasho nopapasho lokukhuthaza imisebenzi yeli ziko.56
Njengoko ezi nkcukacha zibonisa, abathethi-thethwano baseTshayina benza amabango amaninzi, amaxesha amaninzi ngokwemigaqo engacacanga ngokweqhinga, ejolise ekwandiseni isikhundla sabo sothethathethwano.
Emva kokufumana iikontraki eziqulunqiweyo ezivela kubalingane babo baseTshayina, abathethi-thethwano baseBenin baphinda baqalisa isifundo esicokisekileyo nesisebenzayo sabachaphazelekayo abaninzi, nto leyo ekhokelele kutshintsho olubalulekileyo.Ngo-2006, kwagqitywa ekubeni kuchongwe amasebe athile amele urhulumente wase-Benin ukuba ahlole kwaye ahlomele iikhontrakthi zeziseko ezingundoqo zedolophu kunye nokuhlaziya imiqathango yezo zivumelwano ngolungelelwaniso namanye amasebe afanelekileyo.57 Kwesi sibhambathiso sithile, oyena mphathiswa weBenin othatha inxaxheba nguMphathiswa wezokusiNgqongileyo, iNdawo yeNdawo kunye noCwangciso lweDolophu njengendawo ekugxilwe kuyo ukuze kujongwe iikhontrakthi namanye amasebe.
NgoMatshi ka-2006, i-Ofisi yoMphathiswa yaququzelela intlanganiso yothethathethwano e-Lokossa, imema iqela labaphathiswa ukuba baphonononge kwaye baxoxe ngeprojekthi, kuquka i-Ofisi yoRhwebo noShishino, iSebe lezaBasebenzi kunye neeNkonzo zeNtlalo, iSebe lezoBulungisa kunye noMthetho, ICandelo loMlawuli Jikelele wezoQoqosho kunye nezeMali, uxanduva lohlahlo lwabiwo-mali iCandelo Jikelele kunye neSebe lezangaphakathi kunye noKhuseleko loLuntu.59 Ukuqwalasela ukuba umthetho oyilwayo unokuchaphazela yonke imiba yezoqoqosho nezopolitiko eBenin (kubandakanywa nokwakhiwa, indawo yoshishino kunye nerhafu, njl.njl.), abameli benkonzo nganye banethuba elisemthethweni lokuphonononga amalungiselelo athile ngokuhambelana nemimiselo ekhoyo. kumacandelo abo kwaye bavavanye ngononophelo amalungiselelo acetywayo yi-China Degree yokuthotyelwa kwemimiselo yasekhaya, iikhowudi kunye nezenzo.
Oku kurhoxa eLokas kunika abaxoxisi baseBeninese ixesha kunye nomgama ukusuka koogxa babo baseTshayina, kunye naluphi na uxinzelelo olunokuthi lube phantsi kwalo.Abameli boBuphathiswa baseBenine ababekho entlanganisweni bacebise inani lohlengahlengiso kwisivumelwano esisayilwayo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba imiqathango yekhontrakthi ihambelana nemigaqo nemigangatho yaseBenin.Ngokusebenzisa ubuchule bazo zonke ezi nkonzo, endaweni yokuvumela i-arhente enye ukuba ilawule kwaye iyalele, amagosa aseBenin akwazile ukugcina umanyano kunye nokutyhala oogxa babo baseTshayina ukuba bahlengahlengise ngokufanelekileyo kumjikelo olandelayo wothethwano.
Ngokutsho kwabathetha-thethwano baseBeninese, umjikelo olandelayo weentetho kunye nabalingane babo baseTshayina ngo-Aprili 2006 wathabatha “iimini nobusuku” ezintathu emva naphambili.Abathethathethwano abangama-60 baseTshayina banyanzelise ukuba iziko libe liqonga lokurhweba.(kungekhona kuphela i-holesale) iimpahla, kodwa uMphathiswa wezoShishino noRhwebo waseBenin wakuchasa oku kwaye waphinda wathi ayamkelekanga ngokusemthethweni.
Ngokubanzi, i-multilateral pool ye-Benin yeengcali zikarhulumente yenze ukuba abaxoxisana nabo bathumele kumaqabane abo aseTshayina isivumelwano esitsha esisayilwayo esihambelana ngakumbi nemithetho nemimiselo yaseBenin.Umanyano kunye nolungelelwaniso lukarhulumente waseBenin luye lwanzima kwiinzame zaseTshayina zokwahlula kunye nokulawula ngokudibanisa iinxalenye zabaphathi baseBenin omnye komnye, benyanzela oogxa babo baseTshayina ukuba benze iminyinyiva kwaye bathobele izithethe zasekhaya kunye nezenzo zoshishino.Abathethi-thethwano baseBenin bajoyine izinto eziphambili zikamongameli ukuze baqinise amakhonkco ezoqoqosho eBenin kunye neTshayina kwaye benze ubudlelwane phakathi kwamacandelo abucala ahlukeneyo kula mazwe mabini.Kodwa bakwazile ukukhusela imarike yasekhaya yaseBenin kwisikhukula sempahla yokuthengisa yaseTshayina.Oku kubalulekile njengoko ukhuphiswano olumandla phakathi kwabavelisi balapha ekhaya kunye nabo bakhuphisana nabo baseTshayina sele luqalisile ukuphembelela inkcaso kurhwebo neTshayina oluvela kubathengisi baseBenine abasebenza kwiimarike ezinkulu ezifana neDuntop Market, enye yeemarike ezinkulu ezivulelekileyo eNtshona Afrika.61
Ukuhlehla kumanyanisa urhulumente waseBenin kwaye kunceda amagosa aseBenin ukuba afumane isimo sothethathethwano esilungeleleneyo ekufuneka iTshayina ihlengahlengise.Olu thethwano lunceda ukubonisa indlela ilizwe elincinci elinokuthi lixoxisane ngayo namandla amakhulu njengeChina ukuba zilungelelaniswa kakuhle kwaye ziphunyezwe.
Ixesha lokuposa: Oct-18-2022